In our overall goal to overcome the limitations associated with natural products for the management of Alzheimer's disease and to develop?in-vivo?active multifunctional cholinergic inhibitors, we embarked on the development of ferulic acid analogs. A systematic SAR study to improve upon the cholinesterase inhibition of ferulic acid with analogs that also had lower logP was carried out. Enzyme inhibition and kinetic studies identified compound?7a?as a lead molecule with preferential acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE IC50?=?5.74?±?0.13?μM; BChE IC50?=?14.05?±?0.10?μM) compared to the parent molecule ferulic acid (% inhibition of AChE and BChE at 20?μM, 15.19?±?0.59 and 19.7... More
In our overall goal to overcome the limitations associated with natural products for the management of Alzheimer's disease and to develop?in-vivo?active multifunctional cholinergic inhibitors, we embarked on the development of ferulic acid analogs. A systematic SAR study to improve upon the cholinesterase inhibition of ferulic acid with analogs that also had lower logP was carried out. Enzyme inhibition and kinetic studies identified compound?7a?as a lead molecule with preferential acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE IC50?=?5.74?±?0.13?μM; BChE IC50?=?14.05?±?0.10?μM) compared to the parent molecule ferulic acid (% inhibition of AChE and BChE at 20?μM, 15.19?±?0.59 and 19.73?±?0.91, respectively). Molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed that?7a?fits well into the active sites of AChE and BChE, forming stable and strong interactions with key residues Asp74, Trp286, and Tyr337 in AChE and with Tyr128, Trp231, Leu286, Ala328, Phe329, and Tyr341 in BChE. Compound?7a?was found to be an efficacious antioxidant in a DPPH assay (IC50?=?57.35?±?0.27?μM), and it also was able to chelate iron. Data from atomic force microscopy images demonstrated that?7a?was able to modulate aggregation of amyloid β1-42. Upon oral administration,?7a?exhibited promising?in-vivo?activity in the scopolamine-induced AD animal model and was able to improve spatial memory in cognitive deficit mice in the Y-maze model. Analog?7a?could effectively reverse the increased levels of AChE and BChE in scopolamine-treated animals and exhibited potent?ex-vivo?antioxidant properties. These findings suggest that?7a?can act as a lead molecule for the development of naturally-inspired multifunctional molecules for the management of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative disorders.